The Drug Mdma Essays - Substituted Amphetamines, Euphoriants

The Drug Mdma The drug MDMA (ecstasy) is very well known, however it's long term, and cognitive functioning effects are not. The main purpose of this study was to ?establish if users and previous users of MDMA exhibit impairments in more basic level cognitive processes such as working memory functioning, information processing speed, anxiety and arousal? (Wareing, Fisk, Murphy, May 00, 2). In past studies of MDMA, a lot of information regarding its effects has been established yet so much more is still unclear. Topics such as MDMA's relationship to arousal levels and whether the mood and cognitive functioning impairments are long term are either unstudied or virtually unknown. These topics being very important it was decided that a study should be performed. With these ideas in mind, the experimenters focused on two main hypotheses. The first included that MDMA users would be less effective in the random letter generation task. This task studies a persons central executive functioning. The second hypothesis was saying previous, current and non-users arousal levels would differ greatly and users would have the highest anxiety levels. The method the study was done was experimental. 30 individuals participated in all and were divided into 3 categories users, non-users and previous users. Users defined as currently using MDMA, non-users as never using MDMA and previous users were defined as having quit the drug for at least 6 months. There were equal numbers of males and females in each of the 3 groups. The independent variables in this study were the user group and previous user group. This would determine the short-term effects on users and long-term effects on previous users. The control variable was the group of non-users. The dependent variable would be the experiments performed, or more, the gist of the experiments. These experiments were designed to measure central executive measures, background measures, information processing speed, arousal and anxiety. The study included questionnaires, oral questions and simple tasks. The experiments were performed individually on each participant. An important note that was found was that all users, both previous and current, were taking at least one other psychoactive drug in addition to MDMA. This might very well be a factor in all experiments performed. The random generation task is designed to place a constant strain on the central executive and keeps demanding the brain to work and think. Since users and previous users scored less than non-users, it's safe to assume MDMA users have trouble in coping with high levels of cognitive demand. Even previous users have trouble with this test showing that this impairment persists even when you quit taking MDMA. This study also found through the information processing speed test that MDMA users are able to process information as quickly as non-users just not as accurate by a significant amount. In general, the idea the authors were aiming at was that users, or previous users, would score lower on the experiment compared to the non-users. Perhaps the experiment was not as well designed to fit this particular expectation. One of the hypotheses was that users would score less than non-users in a random letter generation task by a significant amount. This was both proven and not proven with the results. The authors found that in the one second production test they were right and non-users did significantly better than users or previous users. On the other hand, this was only a third of the test, there were also 2 second and 4 second tests where non-users did score better but by very little and by no means significant. The other hypothesis was regarding anxiety and arousal saying that with all three groups would differ significantly. This one they couldn't have guessed better, between all three groups they found there was a significant difference with both anxiety and arousal. The study on MDMA and its effects was very inconclusive. The gist of the whole study was to find how a certain type of drug, in the short and long run, affects its consumers. The participants who were studied and compared to non-users all confessed to using at least more than one drug besides MDMA. This brings questions like what kind, how much, how often and how do these drugs

buy custom Technology Tools for Communication essay

buy custom Technology Tools for Communication essay Communication is essential for any business success in the world today. It is therefore important to employs technological tools for communication between potential customers and company to enhance efficiency. There are a variety of technology tools for communication in the business world today. Video and web conferencing is one of the very important tools for communication. This technology helps in transmitting and receiving sound and pictures in real-time. Web conferencing is a technological advancement in communication that allows the sharing of documents and applications. This communication tool is aided by a teleprecence conference room which includes ultra-high definition cameras. Again, the conference rooms have large screen with discrete sound to create in person experience. Another technology tool for communication is Skype. This system can do conferencing with up to 24 people. Its audio quality is excellent though on a one to one communication at a time. Skype is a tool for communication that gives free Voice Over IP (VoIP) program that allows the user to have Instant Message (IM) or call (VoIP) through the users computer. In addition, smart tools like the electronic whiteboards have been employed in classroom lessons for teaching. They allow the instructor to display information from the computer to the electronic board allowing students interaction with the displayed information. Online chat tools are also part of the technology tools for communication. This is any type of communication that is over the internet though one to one and text-based. This tool for communication is used in place of email where there is need for live communication. Moreover, internet has become a very important tool for communication. This tool is basically applicable with search engines such as Google and yahoo. Many business organizations communicate to their clients through web postings and in these search engines. Other technology tools for communication include mobile telephones such as Smartphone. They have large screen with an open operating system offering improved capabilities with computer-like functions. Smartphone can incorporate advances features such as e-mails and internet as well as e-book functions. Technology and internet have made communication fast and efficient which has in turn improved business communication and education systems in the world today. Buy custom Technology Tools for Communication essay

Mary Church Terrell Quotes

Mary Church Terrell Quotes Mary Church Terrell was born the same year that the Emancipation Proclamation was signed, and she died two months after the Supreme Court decision, Brown v. Board of Education. In between, she advocated for racial and gender justice, and especially for rights and opportunities for African American women. Selected Mary Church Terrell Quotations And so, lifting as we climb, onward and upward we go, struggling and striving, and hoping that the buds and blossoms of our desires will burst into glorious fruition ere long. With courage, born of success achieved in the past, with a keen sense of the responsibility which we shall continue to assume, we look forward to a future large with promise and hope. Seeking no favors because of our color, nor patronage because of our needs, we knock at the bar of justice, asking an equal chance. I cannot help wondering sometimes what I might have become and might have done if I had lived in a country which had not circumscribed and handicapped me on account of my race, that had allowed me to reach any height I was able to attain. Through the National Association of Colored Women, which was formed by the union of two large organizations in July, 1896, and which is now the only national body among colored women, much good has been done in the past, and more will be accomplished in the future, we hope. Believing that it is only through the home that a people can become really good and truly great, the National Association of Colored Women has entered that sacred domain. Homes, more homes, better homes, purer homes is the text upon which our have been and will be preached. Please stop using the word Negro.... We are the only human beings in the world with fifty-seven variety of complexions who are classed together as a single racial unit. Therefore, we are really truly colored people, and that is the only name in the English language which accurately describes us. It is impossible for any white person in the United States, no matter how sympathetic and broad, to realize what life would mean to him if his incentive to effort were suddenly snatched away. To the lack of incentive to effort, which is the awful shadow under which we live, may be traced the wreck and ruin of score of colored youth. Seeing their children touched and seared and wounded by race prejudice is one of the heaviest crosses which colored women have to bear. Surely nowhere in the world do oppression and persecution based solely on the color of the skin appear more hateful and hideous than in the capital of the United States, because the chasm between the principles upon which this Government was founded, in which it still professes to believe, and those which are daily practiced under the protection of the flag, yawn so wide and deep. As a colored woman I may enter more than one white church in Washington without receiving that welcome which as a human being I have the right to expect in the sanctuary of God. When Ernestine Rose, Lucretia Mott, Elizabeth Cady Stanton, Lucy Stone, and Susan B. Anthony began that agitation by which colleges were opened to women and the numerous reforms inaugurated for the amelioration of their condition along all lines, their sisters who groaned in bondage had little reason to hope that these blessings would ever brighten their crushed and blighted lives, for during those days of oppression and despair, colored women were not only refused admittance to institutions of learning, but the law of the States in which the majority lived made it a crime to teach them to read. Quote collection assembled by Jone Johnson Lewis.

Marketing , advertising and sales promotion FINAL Assignment

Marketing , advertising and sales promotion FINAL - Assignment Example On the other hand, sales promotion relies on value added offers which may be discounted, demonstrations, exhibitions, contests, trade shows, giveaways and points of sale displays in a bid to appeal customers to make purchases. Contrary to advertising, sales promotion is short term, direct and leads to the increase of sales I a short time (Schmitt, 2011). Therefore, sales promotion proves to be more effective in a shorter period of time. The customer is the most important person involved with any company because all the products and services are targeted to the customer. Notably, there is no business without a customer (Schmitt, 2011). Demographics denote social, economic features used to define a population, especially in statistics. This includes age, sex, income level, marital status, religion, occupation, birth rate, death rate, educational level, family size and average age at marriage (Schmitt, 2011). a) Advertising uses an emotional appeal which targets to convey a message that will be remembered for a long time while sales promotion is an emotional approach used in appealing customers to make immediate purchases. Vertical marketing refers to marketing that targets a certain industry on target markets and addresses their specialized needs (Schmitt, 2011). This form of marketing focuses on a single niche and not a broad market. Public Relations is important to any organization as it serves to build a desirable reputation for the organization. Moreover, it ensures that customers have a good perception concerning the organization. Therefore, Public Relations is critical in maintaining customers and may also serve to bring new customers to the business who are recommended by the existing customers (Hoffman & Bateson, 2009). Secondary data denotes data gathered for other purposes and not for addressing the research topic. In marketing research, secondary data is used in the selection of markets that

Lincoln Electric Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Lincoln Electric - Case Study Example As the discussion stresses  one of the major contributing factors towards the success of Lincoln Electric is its flexibility. The company does not believe in maintaining an official organization chart in order to offer high flexibility. The company’s easy and less complicated policy support s employees to go to anyone whom they think to be proficient enough in providing solutions to their problems offering a flexible organizational structure. Flexibility is considered to be an important factor for the success of any organization. Employees or workers should be given enough flexibility to work according to their own ways and convenience in order to be productive ensuring the superiority of the end products.This paper highlights that  an easy and less complex policy would remove the barriers among the workers and the executives and would facilitate smooth communication. Communication is quite important in organizations so that the problems can be communicated to the concerne d person and measures can be immediately taken to find a solution without largely hampering the manufacturing functions.  The company does not have any special policies or perks for the executives which promotes a sense of equality among the employees and in turn encourages a sense of responsibility in them.  The company handed over the control of management to various teams which facilitate them with the right to take decisions when necessary. This ensures a smooth flow of work, as employees need not wait for others to take decisions and then having to act accordingly. This triggers in them a sense of responsibility to perform better (Willcoxson, 2011). Another important factor is that employees are entitled to profit sharing as well as stock options based on individual as well as team performance (McGee & Et. Al., 2006). Employees are influenced to bring forward innovative ideas by the management which would enhance their productivity. The company constantly invests on trainin g as well as educating the employees to make certain effectual contributions towards business performance. The responsibilities given to the employees are also considered as significant factor. They include pay cuts and penalties in case of absenteeism which instill a sense of responsibility, the workers related to production needs to provide assurance regarding the quality of individual piece produced by them or else no payment is made against it and finally there are only few supervisors owing to which team work is promoted without any detailed supervision. Thus, the above mentioned factors can be considered as the major contributing factors for the company’s superior performance (Lussier, 2008). Understanding of the Factors Responsible for High Performance The high performance of Lincoln Electric is reliant on many external as well as internal factors. Flexibility, communication, incentive structure, policies, sense of equality and responsibility are the most important contributing

Financial Theories Overview Essay Example for Free

Financial Theories Overview Essay costs of capital to a firm would remain the same no matter what combination of financing sources the firm actually chose (Miller, 2001, p. 185). The dividend proposition overcomes objection to leverage proof. | 3. Agency Cost Theory I Michael Jensen and William Meckling define agency costs as the costs associated with cooperative effort by human beings, which arises when the principal hires an agent to carry out duties Oensen, 2005). Conflicts of interest between management and shareholders are inevitable and can cause a potential loss in value of public corporations (Chew, 2001). For example, shareholders may want management to increase shareholder value, but management may grow the business to increase personal power and wealth (Chew, 2001). | Enrons company was worth $30 billion and senior managers tried to defend a $40 billion of excess valuation. Ultimately Enron executives destroyed the company by trying to fool the markets through accounting manipulations, hiding debt through off-balance sheet partnerships, and over hyped new ventures such as their broadband futures effort Oensen, 2005, pp. 10-11). John Roth, former chief executive officer (CEO) of Nortel, wrote off most cquisitions, when stock price crashed and closed down activities, which resulted in the destruction of not only the corporate value but also the social value of the company Oensen, 2005). Finance scholars found a reduction in conflict of interest between management and shareholders because of: (1) product market competition and a market for executive labor

Why Couldnt Kant Be A Utilitarian? Essay -- Philosophy Philosophical

Why Couldn't Kant Be A Utilitarian? ABSTRACT: In his essay "Could Kant Have Been a Utilitarian?", R. M. Hare tries to show that Kant's moral theory contains utilitarian elements and it can be properly asked if Kant could have been a utilitarian, though in fact he was not. I take seriously Hare's challenge to the standard view because I find his reading on the whole reasonable enough to lead to a consistent interpretation of Kant's moral philosophy. Still, I hardly believe that it is necessarily concluded from Hare's reading that Kant could have been a utilitarian. In this paper, I will first show that Hare's interpretation of 'treating a person as an end' as treating a person's ends as our own is reasonable, and so is his reading of 'willing our maxim as a universal law' and 'duties to oneself,' which is based on that interpretation. Then I will argue that Kant couldn't be a utilitarian despite the apparently utilitarian elements in his theory because caring about others' ends (of which happiness is the sum) is a duty. This is so, in Kant's view, not because happiness is valuable in itself, but because it is the sum of those ends set freely by each rational human being who is valuable in itself, that is, an end in itself. In his essay "Could Kant Have Been A Utilitarian?", (1) R.M. Hare, analyzing Kant's text, tries to show that Kant's moral theory contains utilitarian elements and it can be properly asked whether Kant could have been a utilitarian though he was in fact not. I take his challenge to the standard view seriously not because it is made by the celebrated moral philosopher but because I find Hare's reading of Kant's text on the whole reasonable enough to lead to a consistent interpretation of Kant's moral philo... ... fuer Philosophie), 1991. (3) T. Terada, op.cit.; J. Murphy, Kant: The Philosophy of Right, MacMillan, 1970. (4) H.J. Paton, The Categorical Imperative, Pennsylvania U.P., 1971. (5) T. Terada, "'Universal Principle of Right' as the Supreme Principle of Kant's Practical Philosophy", in: Proceedings of the 8th International Kant Congress, 1995. (6) T. Terada, "Kanto ni okeru Jiko ni taisuru Gimu no Mondai (The Problem of 'Duties to Oneself' in Kant)", Tetsugaku (The Philosophy) 46, 1995; T. Nitta,"Fuhenkakanosei to Sogo-shutaisei (Universal-izability and Intersubjectivity)", in: Aichi Kenritsu Daigaku ronshu 35, 1986. (7) T. Terada, "'Universal Principle of Right' as the Supreme Principle of Kant's Practical Philosophy"; P. Guyer, "Kant's Morality of Law and Morality of Freedom", in Dancy (ed.), op.cit. (8) W.K. Frankena, Ethics, Prentice-Hall, 1973. Why Couldn't Kant Be A Utilitarian? Essay -- Philosophy Philosophical Why Couldn't Kant Be A Utilitarian? ABSTRACT: In his essay "Could Kant Have Been a Utilitarian?", R. M. Hare tries to show that Kant's moral theory contains utilitarian elements and it can be properly asked if Kant could have been a utilitarian, though in fact he was not. I take seriously Hare's challenge to the standard view because I find his reading on the whole reasonable enough to lead to a consistent interpretation of Kant's moral philosophy. Still, I hardly believe that it is necessarily concluded from Hare's reading that Kant could have been a utilitarian. In this paper, I will first show that Hare's interpretation of 'treating a person as an end' as treating a person's ends as our own is reasonable, and so is his reading of 'willing our maxim as a universal law' and 'duties to oneself,' which is based on that interpretation. Then I will argue that Kant couldn't be a utilitarian despite the apparently utilitarian elements in his theory because caring about others' ends (of which happiness is the sum) is a duty. This is so, in Kant's view, not because happiness is valuable in itself, but because it is the sum of those ends set freely by each rational human being who is valuable in itself, that is, an end in itself. In his essay "Could Kant Have Been A Utilitarian?", (1) R.M. Hare, analyzing Kant's text, tries to show that Kant's moral theory contains utilitarian elements and it can be properly asked whether Kant could have been a utilitarian though he was in fact not. I take his challenge to the standard view seriously not because it is made by the celebrated moral philosopher but because I find Hare's reading of Kant's text on the whole reasonable enough to lead to a consistent interpretation of Kant's moral philo... ... fuer Philosophie), 1991. (3) T. Terada, op.cit.; J. Murphy, Kant: The Philosophy of Right, MacMillan, 1970. (4) H.J. Paton, The Categorical Imperative, Pennsylvania U.P., 1971. (5) T. Terada, "'Universal Principle of Right' as the Supreme Principle of Kant's Practical Philosophy", in: Proceedings of the 8th International Kant Congress, 1995. (6) T. Terada, "Kanto ni okeru Jiko ni taisuru Gimu no Mondai (The Problem of 'Duties to Oneself' in Kant)", Tetsugaku (The Philosophy) 46, 1995; T. Nitta,"Fuhenkakanosei to Sogo-shutaisei (Universal-izability and Intersubjectivity)", in: Aichi Kenritsu Daigaku ronshu 35, 1986. (7) T. Terada, "'Universal Principle of Right' as the Supreme Principle of Kant's Practical Philosophy"; P. Guyer, "Kant's Morality of Law and Morality of Freedom", in Dancy (ed.), op.cit. (8) W.K. Frankena, Ethics, Prentice-Hall, 1973.